@article{1b89fd6f8e0c4796a6664db6322a3a94,
title = "Impediments to fisheries recovery in Canada: Policy and institutional constraints on developing management practices compliant with the precautionary approach",
author = "Winter, {Anna Marie} and Hutchings, {Jeffrey A.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors thank Olav Schram Stokke, Esther Schuch and Andries Richter for helpful discussions and suggestions. We are grateful for the comments and criticisms offered by two anonymous reviewers. The work was supported by NordForsk [projects GreenMAR and TerMARisk, grant number 81513], the Research Council of Norway [project STOCKSHIFT, grant number 257614], the University of Oslo [Kristine Bonnevie travel stipend], and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant. Funding Information: Canada has an exceptionally long-standing fishing history and deep cultural appreciation for fish, which is considered a common property resource to be managed for the benefit of all Canadians [14]. The government recognizes fishing as a public right. The diminished success of Canada's fisheries management stands in contrast to the level of governmental support to the fisheries sector (675,526 million USD per year — almost double the annual landings value; Table 1) and the high economic (1.74 billion USD per year added to Canada's GDP from fisheries alone; Table 1) and public (3 workers per 1000 are occupied in the fishing sector; Table 1) importance of fisheries.Within the EU, fisheries policy decision-making and governance is performed at the EU level as a Community System for Fisheries and Aquaculture [53]. Fisheries management decisions are taken by the Council of Ministers (Council of the EU; legislative branch) in a co-decision process with the European Parliament (legislative branch). The Council considers proposals drawn up by the European Commission (executive branch; Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, DG MARE), which either consults its own scientific advisers (Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee of Fisheries, STECF) or requests advice directly from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). STECF is responsible for providing “sound and timely evidence-based scientific advice for the implementation and monitoring of the EU Common Fisheries Policy” ([54] (6)) and provides its advice while taking account of the scientific work conducted by ICES. The European Commission's Joint Research Centre also supports STECF with (mainly demanded) scientific research, but its role is relatively small in comparison to ICES (only 8 employed scientists in Fisheries and Aquaculture, as of March 2018). While the advice of ICES is purely of a scientific nature, STECF also considers the economic and social impacts of implementing management decisions [52]. In contrast to Canada's Sustainable Fisheries Framework, the CFP has the provision of sustainable economic, environmental and social conditions explicitly as one of its objectives [52].The authors thank Olav Schram Stokke, Esther Schuch and Andries Richter for helpful discussions and suggestions. We are grateful for the comments and criticisms offered by two anonymous reviewers. The work was supported by NordForsk [projects GreenMAR and TerMARisk, grant number 81513], the Research Council of Norway [project STOCKSHIFT, grant number 257614], the University of Oslo [Kristine Bonnevie travel stipend], and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier Ltd",
year = "2020",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104161",
language = "English",
volume = "121",
journal = "Marine Policy",
issn = "0308-597X",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
}